EVIDENCE / LIMITS
Sources, without a mind-reading claim.
Veterinary and welfare education can explain context. It does not turn our captions into a diagnosis or mean that these organizations reviewed this website.
VCA: Canine Communication - Interpreting Dog Language
Veterinary-authored education on whole-body communication, momentary signals and mistaken guilt interpretations.
PetMD: Why Does My Dog Stare at Me?
Veterinary-authored education on several contexts for gaze. Its interaction examples are not a safety checklist on this site.
Dogs Trust: Understanding body language
Welfare guidance on the individual, whole body, context and veterinary advice for changes.
RSPCA: Understanding body language
Welfare guidance on body language and veterinary help for concerns.
RSPCA: Aggression in dogs
Limits of bite prediction and why confrontation is not a solution. No handling sequence is reproduced here.
AKC: Why Does My Dog Stare at Me?
Training education about watching familiar human cues and learned responses. No hormonal outcome claim is adopted.
AKC: Why You Should Not Stare Down a Dog
Training education about prolonged eye contact, unfamiliar dogs and not distracting working service dogs.
Why this is not an eye dictionary
A short VCA eye guide uses words such as "apologetic" for certain expressions. Its longer communication article warns against mistaking appeasement for guilt. We use the narrower, context-dependent account rather than assigning a fixed emotion to an eye shape.
Some sources give physical response or training examples. We have not combined those examples into a handling plan, a child-approach checklist or a safe-response test. AKC discusses mutual gaze and hormones; this website makes no hormonal or bonding-outcome claim.